Nobelova cena

Nobelova cena

Mezinárodní cena, udílená od roku 1901 za objevy ve fyzice, chemii, fyziologii nebo lékařství, za literaturu, za boj za mír a od roku 1969 rovněž za ekonomii z fondu 32 milionů švédských korun, založeného A. B. F. Nobelem. O udělení Nobelovy ceny rozhoduje švédská Královská akademie věd ve Stockholmu (275 členů), o Nobelově ceně za mír norský Nobelův ústav v Oslo a Nobelovu cenu za ekonomii uděluje Švédská národní banka. Nobelovu cenu mohou od roku 1968 sdílet maximálně tři osobnosti. Od roku 1974 je možné udělit Nobelovu cenu i posmrtně osobě, jenž byla vyhlášena nositelem ceny, ovšem zemřela před slavnostním předáním dne 10. prosince. Některé osobnosti, jenž Nobelovu cenu získaly: M. C. Skłodowská (1903 za fyziku, 1911 za chemii), J. Bardeen (1956 a 1972 za fyziku), F. Sanger (1958 a 1980 za chemii), Mezinárodní červený kříž Comité International de la Croix Rouge (1917, 1944 a 1963 za mír), Wangari Maathai (2004 za mír), Mohamed Baradej (2005 za mír), Robert J. Aumann spolu s Thomasem C. Schelling (2005 za ekonomii), Harold Pinter (2005 za literaturu), Barry J. Marshall spolu s J. Robin Warrenem (2005 za lékařství). Na čelní straně medaile je vyobrazen Alfred Nobel s nápisem ALFRED NOBEL a data jeho narození a úmrtí NAT.MDCCC XXXIII OB.MDCCC XCVI. Na zadní straně je nápis Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes – vynálezy zlepšují život, který je zkrášlován uměním; dále písmena REG. ACAD. SCIENT. SUEC., jenž znamenají Královskou švédskou akademii věd; také je zde jméno laureáta.

Vytvořeno: 14. 3. 2000
Aktualizováno: 16. 9. 2024
Autor: -red-

Odkazující hesla: Aage Niels Bohr, Aaron Ciechanover, Abdulrazak Gurnah, Abdus Salam, Abhijit Banerjee, Ada Yonath, Adam Riess, Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, Adolf von Baeyer, Akira Jošino, Akira Suzuki, Alain Aspect, Alan J. Heeger, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Alan MacDiarmid, Albert Abraham Michelson, Albert Camus, Albert Einstein, Albert Fert, Albert John Luthuli, Albert von Szent-Györgyi, Albrecht Kossel, Alexander Fleming, Alexander Robertus Todd, Alexandr Michajlovič Prochorov, Alexandr Solženicyn, Alexej Alexejevič Abrikosov, Alexej Ivanovič Jekimov, Alexis Carrel, Alfred G. Gilman, Alfred Hermann Fried, Alfred Kastler, Alfred Nobel, Alfred Werner, Allan MacLeod Cormack, Allvar Gullstrand, Alva Myrdalová, Alvin E. Roth, American Friends' Service Committee, Anatole France, André Frédéric Cournand, Andrea Ghez, Andrej Geim, Andrew Fielding Huxley, Angus Deaton, Anne L'Huillier, Annie Ernaux, Anthony Hewish, Anthony J. Leggett, Anton Zeilinger, Archer Martin, Archibald Vivian Hill, Ardem Patapoutian, Arieh Warshel, Aristide Briand, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius, Arno Allan Penzias, Arnošt Lustig, Arthur Ashkin, Arthur B. McDonald, Arthur Harden, Arthur Henderson, Arthur Holly Compton, Arthur Kornberg, Arthur Leopard Schawlow, Arthur Lewis, Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Auguste Marie François Beernaert, Avram Hershko, Aziz Sancar, Barack Obama, Barry Barish, Barry Marshall, Baruch Samuel Blumberg, Baruj Benacerraf, Ben Bernanke, Ben Mottelson, Bengt Holmström, Bengt Samuelsson, Benjamin List, Bernard Katz, Bernard L. Feringa, Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Bert Sakmann, Bertha von Suttner, Bertil Ohlin, Bertram N. Brockhouse, Bertrand Russell, Bjornstjerne Bjornson, Bob Dylan, Boris Pasternak, Brian David Josephson, Brian K. Kobilka, Brian Schmidt, Bruce A. Beutler, Burton Richter, Camillo Golgi, Camilo José Cela, Čandrašékhar Subrahmanjan, Čandrasékhara Venkata Raman, Carl Bosch, Carl David Anderson, Carl E. Wieman, Carl Ferdinand Cori, Carl Spitteler, Carl von Ossietzky, Carlo Rubbia, Carol W. Greider, Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Cecil Frank Powell, Charles Albert Gobat, Charles Brenton Huggins, Charles Édouard Guillaume, Charles Glover Barkla, Charles Hard Townes, Charles J. Pedersen, Charles K. Kao, Charles M. Rice, Charles Scott Sherrington, Charles Wilson, Chen Ning Yang, Christian Boehmer Anfinsen, Christian de Duve, Christian Louis Lange, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Christopher A. Pissarides, Christopher A. Sims, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude Simon, Claudia Goldin, Clifford G. Shull, Clinton Joseph Davisson, Cordell Hull, Craig C. Mello, Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Czesław Miłosz, Dale T. Mortensen, Dan Shechtman, Daniel Bovet, Daniel C. Tsui, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, Daniel Nathans, Dario Fo, David Baker, David Baltimore, David Card, David Gross, David Hunter Hubel, David J. Wineland, David James Thouless, David Julius, David M. Lee, David W.C. MacMillan, Demis Hassabis, Dennis Gabor, Derek Walcott, Desmond Tutu, Dickinson Woodruff Richards, Didier Queloz, Donald Arthur Glaser, Donald J. Cram, Donna Strickland, Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin, Douglas D. Osheroff, Douglas Diamond, Drew Weissman, Dudley R. Herschbach, Duncan Haldane, Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Edgar Algernon Rober Cecil of Chelwood, Edgar Douglas Adrian, Edmond H. Fischer, Edmund Phelps, Eduard Buchner, Edvard I. Moser, Edvard Lawrie Tatum, Edward B. Lewis, Edward Mills Purcell, Edward Victor Appleton, Edwin G. Krebs, Edwin Mattison McMillan, Ei-ichi Negishi, Elias James Corey, Élie Ducommun, Elinor Ostrom, Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Emil Adolph von Behring, Emil Theodor Kocher, Emilio Segrè, Emily Greene Balch, Emmanuelle Charpentier, Enrico Fermi, Eric A. Cornell, Eric Betzig, Eric F. Wieschaus, Eric Kandel, Eric Maskin, Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Ernest Hemingway, Ernest Orlando Lawrence, Ernest Rutherford, Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Ernst Otto Fischer, Ernst Ruska, Erwin Neher, Erwin Schrödinger, Esther Duflo, Eugene Fama, Eugene O'Neill, Eugene Paul Wigner, Eugenio Montale, Eyvind Johnson, F. Sherwood Rowland, Felix Bloch, Feodor Lynen, Ferdinand Buisson, Ferenc Krausz, Ferid Murad, Frances H. Arnold, Francis William Aston, Franco Modigliani, François Englert, François Mauriac, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Frank Billings Kellogg, Frank Wilczek, Frederic Gowland Hopkins, Fréderic Joliot-Curie, Fréderic Passy, Frederick Grant Banting, Frederick Reines, Frederick Sanger, Frederick Soddy, Frederik Bajer, Fridtjof Nansen, Friedrich August von Hayek, Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius, Frits Zernike, Fritz Albert Lipmann, Fritz Haber, Fritz Pregl, Gabriel García Márquez, Gabriel Lippmann, Gabriela Mistral, Gary Ruvkun, Geoffrey Hinton, Geoffrey Wilkinson, Geofrey Newbold Hounsfield, Georg Paget Thomson, Georg von Békésy, George A. Olah, George Bernard Shaw, George de Hevesy, George E. Smith, George F. Smoot, George Hoyt Whipple, George P. Smith, George Porter, George Snell, George Stigler, George Wells Beadle, Gerard 't Hooft, Gérard Debreu, Gérard Mourou, Gerd Binnig, Gerhard Ertl, Gerhard Herzberg, Gerhart Hauptmann, Gerty Theresa Cori, Giorgio Parisi, Giorgos Seferis, Giosuè Carducci, Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Grazia Deledda, Gregg L. Semenza, Gregory P. Winter, Guglielmo Marconi, Guido Imbens, Gunnar Myrdal, Günter Blobel, Günter Grass, Gustav Hertz, H. Robert Horvitz, Halldór Kiljan Laxness, Han Kang, Hannes Alfvén, Hans Adolph Krebs, Hans Albrecht Bethe, Hans Fischer, Hans G. Dehmelt, Hans Karl Euler-Chelpin, Hans Spemann, Harald zur Hausen, Harold Clayton Urey, Harold Pinter, Harold W. Kroto, Harry Martinson, Hartmut Michel, Harvey J. Alter, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Heinrich Otto Wieland, Heinrich Rohrer, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Henri Becquerel, Henri Bergson, Henri Dunant, Henrik Dam, Henrik Pontoppidan, Henry Kissinger, Henry Taube, Henry W. Kendall, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Herbert Aaron Hauptman, Herbert Aaron Hauptman, Herbert Kroemer, Herbert Simon, Herbert Spencer Gasser, Hermann Emil Fischer, Hermann Hesse, Hermann Staudinger, Hideki Shirakawa, Hideki Yukawa, Hiroši Amano, Hjalmar Branting, Horst L. Störmer, Howard Martin Temin, Hugh David Politzer, Igor Jevgeňjevič Tamm, Ilja Iljič Mečnikov, Ilja Michajlovič Frank, Ilya Prigogine, Imre Kertész, imunogenetika, Irene Joliot-Curie, Irving Langmuir, Irwin Rose, Isamu Akasaki, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Ivan Alexejevič Bunin, Ivan Petrovič Pavlov, Ivar Giaever, Ivo Andrić, Jacinto Benavente, Jack Kilby, Jack Steinberger, Jack W. Szostak, Jacobus Henricus van ’t Hoff, Jacques Dubochet, Jacques Lucien Monod, James Batcheller Sumner, James Chadwick, James E. Rothman, James Edward Meade, James Franck, James P. Allison, James Rainwater, James Tobin, James Watson Cronin, Jan Tinbergen, Jane Addams, Jaroslav Heyrovský, Jaroslav Seifert, Jásir Arafat, Jasunari Kawabata, Jean Baptiste Perrin, Jean Dausset, Jean Tirole, Jean-Marie Lehn, Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Jeffrey C. Hall, Jennifer A. Doudna, Jens C. Skou, Jerome I. Friedman, Jim Peebles, Joachim Frank, Johann Deisenhofer, Johannes Diderikvan van der Waals, Johannes Fibiger, Johannes Georg Bednorz, Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen, Johannes Stark, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, John B. Goodenough, John B. Gurdon, John Bardeen, John C. Mather, John C. Polanyi, John Carew Eccles, John Clauser, John E. Walker, John Galsworthy, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, John Hopfield, John Howard Northrop, John Kendrew, John L. Hall, John M. Jumper, John Michael Kosterlitz, John O'Keefe, John Raleigh Mott, John Richard Hicks, John Robert Schrieffer, John Steinbeck, John Warcup Cornforth, John William Rayleigh, Jóičiró Nambu, Jon Fosse, José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José Saramago, Joseph Austen Chamberlain, Joseph Brodsky, Joseph Erlanger, Joseph H. Taylor Jr., Joseph John Thomson, Joshua Angrist, Joshua Lederberg, Jošinori Ósumi, Jozef Čabelka, Juan Ramón Jiménez, Jules A. Hoffmann, Jules Bordet, Julian Seymour Schwinger, Julius Wagner von Jauregg, K. Alex Müller, K. Barry Sharpless, Kai Manne Borje Siegbahn, Karl Ferdinand Braun, Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn, Karl von Frisch, Karl Ziegler, Kary B. Mullis, Katalin Karikó, Kazuo Ishiguro, Kenneth Joseph Arrow, Kenneth Wilson, Kip Thorne, Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Klaus Hasselmann, Klaus von Klitzing, Konrad Emil Bloch, Konstantin Novoselov, Kurt Alder, Lars Onsager, Lars Peter Hansen, Lavoslav Ružička, Lawrence Klein, Lech Walesa, Leland Hartwell, Leo Esaki, Leon Cooper, Léon Jouhaux, Leon M. Lederman, Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois, Leonid Hurwicz, Leonid Vitaljevič Kantorovič, Lev Davidovič Landau, Linda B. Buck, Linus Pauling, Lloyd Shapley, Louis Brus, Louis de Broglie, Louis Federico Leloir, Louis J. Ignarro, Louis Néel, Louis Renault, Louise Glück, Luc Montagnier, Luigi Pirandello, Luis Walter Alvarez, M. Stanley Whittingham, Makoto Kobajaši, Manfred Eigen, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Marie Curie-Skłodowská, Mario J. Molina, Mario R. Capecchi, Martin Chalfie, Martin J. Evans, Martin Karplus, Martin L. Perl, Martin Rodbell, Martin Ryle, Martinus J. G. Veltman, Masatoši Košiba, Maurice Allais, Max Born, Max Ferdinand Perutz, Max Planck, Max Theiler, Max von Laue, May-Britt Moser, Melvin Calvin, Melvin Schwartz, Michael Kremer, Michael Levitt, Michael Rosbash, Michael Smith, Michael W. Young, Michail Alexandrovič Šolochov, Michail Sergejevič Gorbačov, Michel Mayor, Miguel Ángel Asturias, Milton Friedman, Morten Meldal, Murray Gell-Mann, Nadine Gordimer, Nadžíb Mahfúz, Nansenův mezinárodní úřad pro uprchlíky, Nelly Sachs, nemoc šílených krav, Nevill Francis Mott, Nicolas Bloembergen, Niels Bohr, Nikolaj Gennadijevič Basov, Nobelova cena míru, Nobelova cena za chemii, Nobelova cena za ekonomii, Nobelova cena za fyziku, Nobelova cena za fyziologii nebo lékařství, Nobelova cena za literaturu, Norman Angell, Norman Ernest Borlaug, Norman F. Ramsey, Odd Hassel, Odysseas Elytis, Olga Tokarczuk, Oliver E. Williamson, Oliver Hart, Oliver Smithies, Osamu Šimomura, Otto Frits Meyerhof, Otto Hahn, Otto Heinrich Warburg, Otto Paul Hermann Diels, Otto Stern, Otto Wallach, Owen Chamberlain, Owen Williams Richardson, Pablo Neruda, Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, Patrick White, Paul A. Samuelson, Paul Berg, Paul D. Boyer, Paul Dirac, Paul Ehrlich, Paul Hermann Müller, Paul J. Crutzen, Paul John Flory, Paul Karrer, Paul Krugman, Paul L. Modrich, Paul Lauterbur, Paul Milgrom, Paul Nurse, Paul Romer, Paul Sabatier, Paul von Heyse, Pavel Alexejevič Čerenkov, Pearl Buck, Percy William Bridgman, Peter Agre, Peter Brian Medawar, Peter C. Doherty, Peter Diamond, Peter Grünberg, Peter Higgs, Peter J. Ratcliffe, Peter Joseph William Debye, Peter Mansfield, Philip H. Dybvig, Philip John Noel-Baker, Philip Warren Anderson, Philipp Edward Anton von Lenard, Phillip A. Sharp, Pierre Agostini, Pierre Curie, Pieter Zeeman, Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica, počítačová tomografie, Polykarp Kusch, Ragnar Frisch, Rainer Weiss, Ralph M. Steinman, Randy W. Schekman, Raymond Davis Jr., Reinhard Genzel, Renato Dulbecco, René Cassin, Riccardo Giacconi, Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Richard Axel, Richard E. Smalley, Richard F. Heck, Richard Feynman, Richard Henderson, Richard J. Roberts, Richard Kuhn, Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Richard Martin Willstätter, Richard R. Ernst, Richard R. Schrock, Richard Stone, Richard Thaler, Roald Hoffmann, Robert Andrews Millikan, Robert B. Laughlin, Robert B. Wilson, Robert Bárány, Robert Bruce Merrifield, Robert Burns Woodward, Robert C. Richardson, Robert F. Curl, Robert F. Furchgott, Robert H. Grubbs, Robert Hofstadter, Robert Huber, Robert J. Lefkowitz, Robert J. Shiller, Robert Koch, Robert Robinson, Robert Sanderson Mulliken, Robert William Holley, Robert Woodrow Wilson, Robin Warren, Roderick MacKinnon, Roger D. Kornberg, Roger Martin du Gard, Roger Myerson, Roger Penrose, Roger Wolcott Sperry, Roger Y. Tsien, Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Romain Rolland, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Ronald Ross, Roy J. Glauber, Rudolf Eucken, Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer, Rudolph A. Marcus, Ryoji Noyori, Saint-John Perse, Salvatore Quasimodo, Samuel Beckett, Samuel Ting, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Satoši Ómura, Saul Bellow, Saul Perlmutter, Seamus Heaney, Seán MacBride, Selma Lagerlöf, Selman Abraham Waksman, Serge Haroche, Severo Ochoa, Sheldon Lee Glashow, Sidney Altman, Sigrid Undset, Simon Kuznets, Simon van der Meer, Šin’ičiró Tomonaga, Sinclair Lewis, Šinja Jamanaka, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart, Šmuel Josef Agnon, Stanford Moore, Stefan W. Hell, Steven Chu, Steven Weinberg, Stockholm, Šúdži Nakamura, Sully-Prudhomme, Svante August Arrhenius, Svante Pääbo, Švédská akademie, Světlana Alexijevičová, Sydney Brenner, Syukuro Manabe, T. S. Eliot, Tadeusz Reichstein, Takaaki Kadžita, Tasuku Hondžó, Tchu Jou-jou, Theodor Mommsen, Theodor Svedberg, Theodor W. Hänsch, Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore William Richards, Theodore William Schultz, Thomas A. Steitz, Thomas C. Südhof, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Thomas J. Sargent, Thomas Mann, Thomas R. Cech, Thomas Schelling, Tim Hunt, Tjalling Koopmans, Tobias Michael Carel Asser, Tomas Lindahl, Toni Morrison, Torsten Nils Wiesel, Tošihide Masukawa, Tsung-Dao Lee, Ulf von Euler, UNICEF, Ústav mezinárodního práva, Val Logsdon Fitch, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Verner von Heidenstam, Vicente Aleixandre, Victor Ambros, Victor Francis Hess, Victor Grignard, Vincent du Vigneaud, Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg, Vitalij Lazarovič Ginzburg, Vladimir Prelog, Walter Friedrich Hermann Nernst, Walter Gilbert, Walter Houser Brattain, Walter Norman Haworth, Walther Bothe, Wassily Leontief, Wendell Meredith Stanley, Werner Heisenberg, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Wilhelm Ostwald, Wilhelm Wien, Willard Boyle, Willard Libby, Willem Einthoven, William Bradford Shockley, William C. Campbell, William D. Phillips, William E. Moerner, William Faulkner, William Fowler, William Francis Giauque, William G. 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